Poverty in the Aftermath of Katrina: Reimagining Citizen Leadership in t he Context of Federalism

It is a cruel irony that a lead singer with the name Katrina and a back-up band called the Waves performed a pop song in the 1980s with bright lyrics and happy beat. Many years later, a natural disaster bearing the same name, backed by a surge of seawater, consumed the city of New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, America and the rest of the world witnessed the desperate side of the world\u27s wealthiest nation. Many people, who had neither time nor resources to escape the storm\u27s surge, and the destruction that followed, became first-hand witnesses to America\u27s failure to adequately address its poverty problem. The world was shocked to see Americans displaced and immobilized. Chilling reports of the disintegration of the community with rampant plundering and lawlessness punctuated media broadcasts. The ravages of death and deprivation were graphically depicted even as relief providers scrambled to address the massive needs of the displaced and injured. The failed infrastructure and lack of services to help the unfortunates who remained behind to weather the storm resurrected the national debate on poverty-who is responsible for giving willing Americans the tools to remove themselves from poverty to become contributing members of society

MCTS/EA hybrid GVGAI players and game difficulty estimation

In the General Video Game Playing competitions of the last years, Monte-Carlo tree search as well as Evolutionary Algorithm based controllers have been successful. However, both approaches have certain weaknesses, suggesting that certain hybrids could outperform both. We envision and experimentally compare several types of hybrids of two basic approaches, as well as some possible extensions. In order to achieve a better understanding of the games in the competition and the strength and weaknesses of different controllers, we also propose and apply a novel game difficulty estimation scheme based on several observable game characteristics

Tools for Landscape Analysis of Optimisation Problems in Procedural Content Generation for Games

The term Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to the (semi-)automatic generation of game content by algorithmic means, and its methods are becoming increasingly popular in game-oriented research and industry. A special class of these methods, which is commonly known as search-based PCG, treats the given task as an optimisation problem. Such problems are predominantly tackled by evolutionary algorithms. We will demonstrate in this paper that obtaining more information about the defined optimisation problem can substantially improve our understanding of how to approach the generation of content. To do so, we present and discuss three efficient analysis tools, namely diagonal walks, the estimation of high-level properties, as well as problem similarity measures. We discuss the purpose of each of the considered methods in the context of PCG and provide guidelines for the interpretation of the results received. This way we aim to provide methods for the comparison of PCG approaches and eventually, increase the quality and practicality of generated content in industry.Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Applied Soft Computin

Mental imagery-induced attention modulates pain perception and cortical excitability

Background Mental imagery is a powerful method of altering brain activity and behavioral outcomes, such as performance of cognition and motor skills. Further, attention and distraction can modulate pain-related neuronal networks and the perception of pain. This exploratory study examined the effects of mental imagery-induced attention on pressure pain threshold and cortical plasticity using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). This blinded, randomized, and parallel-design trial comprised 30 healthy right-handed male subjects. Exploratory statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and t-tests for pain and TMS assessments. Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze the association between changes in pain threshold and cortical excitability. Results In the analysis of pain outcomes, there was no significant interaction effect on pain between group versus time. In an exploratory analysis, we only observed a significant effect of group for the targeted left hand (ANOVA with pain threshold as the dependent variable and time and group as independent variables). Although there was only a within- group effect of mental imagery on pain, further analyses showed a significant positive correlation of changes in pain threshold and cortical excitability (motor-evoked potentials via TMS). Conclusions Mental imagery has a minor effect on pain modulation in healthy subjects. Its effects appear to differ compared with chronic pain, leading to a small decrease in pain threshold. Assessments of cortical excitability confirmed that these effects are related to the modulation of pain-related cortical circuits. These exploratory findings suggest that neuronal plasticity is influenced by pain and that the mental imagery effects on pain depend on the state of central sensitization

Coating versus Doping: Understanding the Enhanced Performance of High‐Voltage Batteries by the Coating of Spinel LiNi0.5_{0.5}Mn1.5_{1.5}O4_4 with Li0.35_{0.35}La0.55_{0.55}TiO3_3

Li$_{0.35}$La$_{0.55}$TiO$_3$ (LLTO) coated spinel LiNi$_{0.5}$Mn$_{1.5}$O$_4$ (LNMO) as cathode material is fabricated by a new method using hydrogen-peroxide as activating agent. The structure of the obtained active materials is investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the electrochemical properties of the prepared cathodes are probed by the charge–discharge studies. The morphology of the coating material on the surface and the degree of coverage of the coated particles is investigated by the SEM, which shows a fully dense and homogeneous coating (thickness ≈ 7 nm, determined by TEM) on the surface of active material. XRD studies of the coated active materials treated at different temperatures (between 300 °C and 1000 °C) reveal expansion or contraction of the unit cell in dependence of the coating concentration and degree of Ti diffusion. It is concluded, that for the LNMO particles calcined at low temperatures, the LLTO coating layer is still intact and protects the active material from the interaction with the electrolyte. However, for the coated particles treated at high temperatures, Ti ions migrate into the structure of LNMO during the modification process between 500 °C and 800 °C, resulting in “naked” and unprotected particles